# Intensity

In physics, intensity is a measure of the time-averaged energy flux. To find the intensity, take the energy density (that is, the energy per unit volume) and multiply it by the velocity at which the energy is moving. The resulting vector has the units of power divided by area (i.e. watt/m²). It is possible to define the intensity of the water coming from a garden sprinkler, but intensity is used most frequently with waves (i.e. sound or light).

In physics, the word "intensity" is not synonymous with "strength", "amplitude", or "level", as it sometimes is in colloquial speech. For example, "the intensity of pressure" is meaningless as the parameters of those variables do not match.

If a point source is radiating energy in three dimensions and there is no energy lost to the medium, then the intensity drops off in proportion to distance from the object squared. This is due to physics and geometry. Physically, conservation of energy applies. The consequence of this is that the net power coming from the source must be constant, thus:

[itex]P = \int I\, dA[itex]

where P is the net power radiated, I is the intensity as a function of position, and dA is a differential element of a closed surface that contains the source. That P is a constant. If the source is radiating uniformly, i.e. the same in all directions, and we take A to be a sphere centered on the source (so that I will be constant on its surface), the equation becomes:

[itex]P = |I| \cdot 4 \pi r^2 \,[itex]

where I is the intensity at the surface of the sphere, and r is the radius of the sphere (note: enclosed in parentheses is the expression for the surface area of a sphere). Solving for I, we get:

[itex]|I| = \frac{P}{(4 \pi r^2)}[itex]

Anything that can carry energy can have an intensity associated with it.

If the medium is damped (i.e. both sound and light in air slowly lose energy), then the intensity drops off more quickly than the above equation suggests.

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